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arxiv_ml 95% Match Research Paper Researchers in ML/GNNs,Geospatial analysts,Development economists,Policy makers 1 day ago

Leveraging Compact Satellite Embeddings and Graph Neural Networks for Large-Scale Poverty Mapping

graph-neural-networks › graph-learning
📄 Abstract

Abstract: Accurate, fine-grained poverty maps remain scarce across much of the Global South. While Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) provide high-quality socioeconomic data, their spatial coverage is limited and reported coordinates are randomly displaced for privacy, further reducing their quality. We propose a graph-based approach leveraging low-dimensional AlphaEarth satellite embeddings to predict cluster-level wealth indices across Sub-Saharan Africa. By modeling spatial relations between surveyed and unlabeled locations, and by introducing a probabilistic "fuzzy label" loss to account for coordinate displacement, we improve the generalization of wealth predictions beyond existing surveys. Our experiments on 37 DHS datasets (2017-2023) show that incorporating graph structure slightly improves accuracy compared to "image-only" baselines, demonstrating the potential of compact EO embeddings for large-scale socioeconomic mapping.
Authors (2)
Markus B. Pettersson
Adel Daoud
Submitted
November 3, 2025
arXiv Category
cs.LG
arXiv PDF

Key Contributions

This paper proposes a novel graph-based approach using low-dimensional satellite embeddings and a probabilistic loss function to improve the accuracy and generalization of poverty mapping, especially in regions with limited survey data and privacy-protected coordinates. It demonstrates the effectiveness of incorporating spatial relationships and compact Earth Observation embeddings for large-scale socioeconomic prediction.

Business Value

Enables more accurate and granular poverty mapping, which can inform targeted development interventions, resource allocation, and policy-making for NGOs, governments, and international organizations.